采用光电元件作为检测元件的传感器。它首先把被测量的变化转换成光信号的变化，然后借助光电元件进一步将光信号转换成电信号。光电传感器一般由光源、光学通路和光电元件三部分组成。由光通量对光电元件的作用原理不同所制成的光学测控系统是多种多样的,按光电元件（光学测控系统）输出量性质可分二类,即模拟式光电传感器和脉冲（开关）式光电传感器.模拟式光电传感器是将被测量转换
德国SICK施克中国办事处传感器的发展：成连续变化的光电流,它与被测量间呈单值关系.模拟式光电传感器按被测量（检测目标物体）方法可分为透射（吸收）式,漫反射式,遮光式（光束阻档）三大类.所谓透射式是指被测物体放在光路中,恒光源发出的光能量穿过被测物,部份被吸收后,透射光投射到光电元件上;所谓漫反射式是指恒光源发出的光投射到被测物上,再从被测物体表面反射后投射到光电元件上;所谓遮光式是指当光源发出的光通量经被测物光遮其中一部份,使投射刭光电元件上的光通量改变,改变的程度与被测物体在光路位置有关. 光敏二极管是zui常见的光传感器。光敏二极管的外型与一般二极管一样，只是它的管壳上开有一个嵌着玻璃的窗口，以便于光线射入，为增加受光面积，PN结的面积做得较大，光敏二极管工作在反向偏置的工作状态下，并与负载电阻相串联，当无光照时，它与普通二极管一样，反向电流很小（<µA），称为光敏二极管的暗电流；当有光照时，载流子被激发，产生电子-空穴，称为光电 光电传感器载流子。在外电场的作用下，光电载流子参于导电，形成比暗电流大得多的反向电流，该反向电流称为光电流。光电流的大小与光照强度成正比，于是在负载电阻上就能得到随光照强度变化而变化的电信号。
德国SICK施克中国办事处传感器的发展：光敏三极管除了具有光敏二极管能将光信号转换成电信号的功能外，还有对电信号放大的功能。光敏三级管的外型与一般三极管相差不大，一般光敏三极管只引出两个极——发射极和集电极，基极不引出，管壳同样开窗口，以便光线射入。为增大光照，基区面积做得很大，发射区较小，入射光主要被基区吸收。工作时集电结反偏，发射结正偏。在无光照时管子流过的电流为暗电流Iceo=（1+β）Icbo（很小），比一般三极管的穿透电流还小；当有光照时，激发大量的电子-空穴对，使得基极产生的电流Ib增大，此刻流过管子的电流称为光电流，集电极电流Ic=（1+β）Ib，可见光电三极管要比光电二极管具有更高的灵敏度。
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